70 million years of evolution. Thousands of plant and animal species found nowhere else in the world. Introduced pigs, goats, deer and sheep roaming freely over public lands. More than 265 extinctions and counting.

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Feral Pig Control is Effective in Reducing Mosquito Populations. Abstract from conference presentation by Dr. Carter Atkinson.

Habitat Management and Vector Control: Prospects for Managing Avian Disease in Hawaiian Forest Birds. Abstract from conference presentation by Dr. Carter Atkinson.

Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. Natural history of Hawai'i, history of feral game mammals, lots of info. A terrific overview.

Conservation action in the Galapagos: feral pig (Sus scrofa) eradication from Santiago Island. The successful removal of pigs from Santiago Island sets a new precedent, nearly doubling the current size of a successful eradication. Given limited conservation funds, we can no longer afford to spend decades removing introduced mammals from islands. Cruz, et al., 2004. Biological Conservation 121(2005): 473–478.

Feral Goat Eradication on Islands Removing goat populations from islands is a powerful conservation tool to prevent extinctions and restore ecosystems. Goats have been eradicated successfully from 120 islands worldwide. With newly developed technology and techniques, island size is no longer a limiting factor in the successful removal of introduced goat populations. Campbell and Donlan, 2005. Conservation Biology 19: 1362–1364.

Winning the War Against Island Invaders Reviews successful eradication of several species from islands, including goats (120 islands), pigs (100 islands), and rats (234 islands). Krajik, Kevin, 2005. Science 310(5753): 1410–1413.

Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference
Discusses PigOut, a green-dyed sausage-shaped bait for feral pigs that turns the stomach contents bright green, so a hunter taking an animal can quickly determine whether it has ingested the bait.

Useful Technology: One way to locate ungulates: using advance aerial infrared sensor technology (commonly called forward looking infrared, or FLIR).

Anderson, S. P. 1994. Some environmental indicators related to feral pig activity in a Hawaiian rain forest. Master's thesis. University of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 178 pp.

Anderson, S.J., and Stone, C.P. 1993. Snaring to control feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a remote Hawaiian rainforest. Biological Conservation. 63:195-201.

Anderson, S.J. and Stone, C.P. 1994. Indexing sizes of feral pig populations in a variety of Hawaiian natural areas. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 30:26-39.

Aplet, G.H., Anderson, S.J., and Stone, C.P. 1991. Association between feral pig disturbance and the composition of some alien plant assemblages in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Vegetation. 95:55-62.

Baker, J.K. 1979. The feral pig in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In Proceedings: First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks. R.M. Linn, editor. pp. 365-367.

Barrett, R.H., and Stone, C.P. 1983. Hunting as a control method for wild pigs in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. A report for resource management. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. June 1993.

Bowles, M.L., and Whelan, C.J. 1994. Restoration of endangered species, Cambridge University Press, UK.

Bramwell, D. 1979. Plants and islands. Academic Press Inc., London, United Kingdom.

Brockie, R.E., Loope, L.L., Usher, M.B., and Hamann, O. 1988. Biological invasions of island nature reserves. Biological Conservation. 63:129-145.

Carlquist, S. 1980. Hawaii: a natural history. 2nd edition. SB Printers Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 468 pp.

Clough, M.F., Pech, R.P., McIlroy, J.C. and Gifford, E.J. (1992). AUSPLAGUE - a microcomputer package for planning the eradication of foot and mouth disease in feral pigs, Sus scrofa. Abstract. 5th Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference. Brisbane, Queensland.

Cooray, R.G., and Mueller-Dombois, D. 1981. Feral pig activity. In Island Ecosystems: Biological Organization in Selected Hawaiian Communities. D. Mueller-Dombois, R.W. Bridges, and H.L. Carlson, editors. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA. pp. 309-317.

Diamond, J.M. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biological Conservation 7:195-201.

Diong, C.H. 1982. Population biology and management of the feral pig (Sus scrofa L.) in Kipahulu Valley, Maui. PhD dissertation. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 408 pp.

Eldredge, L.G., and Miller, S.E. 1994. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Bishop Museum Occasional Paper. 4:3-18.

Futuyama, D. 1986. Evolutionary Biology. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA. Giffin, J. 1978. Ecology of the feral pig on the island of Hawaii. Final Report. Pittman-Robertson Project #W-15-3, Study #11, 1968-1972. Division of Fish and Game, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 122 pp.

Giffin, J. 1977. Ecology of the feral pig on the island of Hawaii. Elepaio. 37(12):140-142.

Gunn, S. 1996. Treasured Islands. Kew. 11:14-19.

Higashino, P.K., and Stone, C.P. 1982. The fern jungle exclosure in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: 13 years without feral pigs in a rain forest. Proceedings: Fourth Conference in Natural Sciences. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 86.

Hone, J., and Stone, C.P. 1989. A comparison and evaluation of feral pig management in two national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:419-425.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Key Environments (1984) Galapagos, Perry, R., Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. 1993. 1994 IUCN Red list of threatened animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Gland, Switzerland.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. 1993. 1994 IUCN Red list of threatened plants. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Gland, Switzerland.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Threatened Plants Unit (Kew) 1986. Plants in danger - what do we know? International Union for Conservation of Nature. Gland, Switzerland.

Jacobi, J.D. 1976. The influence of feral pigs on a native alpine grassland in Haleakala National Park. Proceedings: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Natural Resources Conference 1: 107-112.

Katahira, L.K., Finnegan, P., and Stone, C.P. 1993. Eradicating feral pigs in montane mesic habitat at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:269-274.

Katahira, L. 1980. The effects of feral pigs on a montane rain forest in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Proceedings: 3rd Conference in Natural Sciences, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 173-178.

Loope, L.L. and Scowcroft, Paul G. 1985. Vegetation response within exclosures in Hawaii: a review. In Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and management. C.P. Stone and J.M. Scott, editors. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI. pp. 377-402.

Loope, L.L. Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. Web site of U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala National Park Field Station, Makawao, Hawaii, USA. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/pi179.htm.

Loh, R.K. and Tunison, J.T. 1999. Vegetation recovery following pig removal in Olaa-Koa Rain Forest Unit, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Honolulu, HI.

McEldowney, G.A. 1930. Forestry on Oahu. Hawaiian Planters' Record. 34(3):267-287. Mohlenbrock, R. 1996. Haleakala. Natural History. 105(1):58-60.

McIlroy, J.C. 1987. The movements of feral pigs during a poisoning campaign in Namadgi National Park, A.C.T. In Working papers, 8th Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference. Coolangatta, May 1987.

McIlroy, J.C. 1989. Judas pigs - a new control technique. Abstract. Australian Wildlife Management Society Conference. Melbourne, Dec.1989.

McIlroy, J.C. 1990. Effective control of feral pigs in the hill country of Australia. Abstract. 3rd Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference. Christchurch, New Zealand.

McIlroy, J.C. 1990. Control of wild pigs and prevention of outbreaks of disease. Newsletter. Australian Society of Animal Production, Southern Tablelands Branch. 2pp.

McIlroy, J.C. 1992. Feral pig management problems in the wet tropics of Queensland. Abstract. 5th Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference. Brisbane, Queensland.

McIlroy, J.C. 1992. Feral pig management problems in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area. Interim Consultancy Report on the control of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) associated with the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, to WTMA, Cairns. 4pp.

McIlroy, J.C. 1992. Feral pig management problems in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area. Initial Consultancy Report to WTMA, Cairns. 13pp. McIlroy, J.C. (1993). The impact of feral pigs in hill country areas of south- eastern Australia. Abstract. 1st Scientific Meeting, RSPCA, Canberra..

McIlroy, J.C. 1995. Feral pigs, cassowaries and rainforest management. Abstract. 1995 Australian Mammal Society Conference, Townsville.

McIlroy, J., and Pech, R. 1996. A systems approach to managing feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area. Abstract. World Heritage Tropical Forests Conference, Cairns, Queensland.

McIlroy, J., and Saunders, G. 1996. Feral pigs in the High Country. Abstract. 9th Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference, Canberra.

McIlroy, J., and Gifford, E. 2000. A comparison of feral pig management in New Zealand and Australia. Abstract. 13th Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand.

Mohlenbrock, R. 1996. Haleakala. Natural History. 105(1):58-60.

Molokai Hunting Test Working Group. 1998. Findings and recommendations in response to S.R. #68/SCR #83 of the Seventeenth State Legislature, State of Hawaii, 1993.

Mountainspring, S. 1987. Ecology, behavior, and conservation of the Maui parrotbill. Condor. 89:24-39.

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Ohashi, T. 1988. Feral pig management in Hawaii: management alternatives for the natural areas reserve system. USDA. Honolulu, HI.

Pratt, L.W., Abbott, L.L., and Palumbo, D.K. 1999. Vegetation above a feral pig barrier fence in rain forests of Kilauea's east rift, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Technical report 124, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Honolulu, HI. 88 pp.

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Ralph, C.J. and Maxwell, B.D. 1984. Relative effects of human and feral hog disturbance on a wet forest in Hawaii. Biological Conservation. 30:291-303.

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Sohmer, S.H. and Gustafson, R. Plants and flowers of Hawai`i. 1987. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI. 160 pp.

Spatz, G., and Mueller-Dombois, D. 1975. Succession patterns after pig digging in grassland communities on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Phytocoenologia 3(2/3):346-373.

Staples, G.W, and Cowie, R.H. 2001. . Hawaii's invasive species: a guide to the invasive alien animals and plants of the Hawaiian Islands. Mutual Publishing and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. 118 pp.

Stone, C.P., Cuddihy, L.W., and Tunison, J.T. 1992. Responses of Hawaiian ecosystems to removal of feral pigs and goats. In Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii. C.P. Stone and J.M. Scott, editors. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI. pp. 666-704.

Stone, C.P., and Stone, D.B. 1989. Conservation Biology in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. Honolulu, HI. 252 pps.

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Tunison, J.T., Loh, R.K., Pratt, L.W., and Kageler, D.W. 1994. Early succession in pig-disturbed mountain parkland, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Technical report 89, Cooperative National Park Studies Unit. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Honolulu, HI. 25 pp.

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